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Love and Death at Second-Line

...Bar. We were at the end of the second-line for Tuba Fats' huge jazz funeral just over a week ago Sunday. Band members were leaving as conversation and memories of...

African Americans in Atlanta: Community Building in a New South City

...old racial order. The city's African American population contended with the framework of this struggle. In 1870, Blacks accounted for nearly half of Atlanta's population. As free persons they competed...

Navigating Jim Crow: A Review of Adolph L. Reed's The South: Jim Crow and Its Afterlives

...indignation." 3Reed, 13. The pervasive but varying conditions of white supremacy meant that the places where Black people could be their own free selves, away from everyday racial dangers and...

North Carolina Runaway Slave Advertisements Project

...that Quamino is "marked with his Country Marks," or patterns of facial scarification that served as markers of ethnicity and identification.2Of course, physical markings cannot necessarily be correlated with ethnicity...

Crosses, Flowers, and Asphalt: Roadside Memorials in the US South

...southern culture. The images include romanticized moonshine runners evading the law, country singers meeting their fate in Cadillacs (the 1952 Cadillac Hank Williams died in attracts visitors in Mongomery, Alabama),...

Whiskey and Geography

Shooting Creek Making Whiskey in the Backcountry Whiskey making, while rare in southern England, was highly developed in both Scotland and Ireland by the time of the Ulster emigration. We...

"Miking" Against Covid in Bangladesh

...by the health program of BRAC, a Bangladesh-based NGO. Bangladesh, the eighth-most populous country in the world (169.4 million people), is a developing country located in South Asia with a...

Creolization as Cultural Continuity and Creativity in Postdiluvian New Orleans and Beyond

...1983). This carefree and sometimes unruly bunch is related to those who dance and drink behind the jazz funeral band after the body is "cut loose" at a New Orleans...

References
1.	Creole expressive culture in French Louisiana—the rural parishes south and east of New Orleans to the Texas boarder—was the jumping-off point for discussion of the local and global aspects of cultural creolization in the original 1997 "Monde Créole" presentation to the meetings of the American Folklore Society in Lafayette, Louisiana, and now reprinted in Creolization as Cultural Creativity. This epilogue offers the counterpoint and complement of post-Katrina New Orleans, its own urban Creole communities, and, more broadly writ, the impact of creolized tradition and creativity on the general populace of the city/region.
2.	Nick Spitzer, "Rebuilding the Land of Dreams with Music," in Rebuilding Urban Places After Disaster: Lessons from Hurricane Katrina, eds. Eugenie Ladner Birch and Susan M. Wachter (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006), 305-328.
3.	Roger D. Abrahams, The Man-of-Words in the West Indies:Performance and the Emergence of Creole Culture (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983).
4.	Nick Spitzer, American Routes: Songs and Stories from the Road [Audio CD/CD-Rom] (Highbridge Company, 2008).
5.	Interview with Edward Buckner was broadcast August 22, 2007, on American Routes. See: Nick Spitzer, American Routes: Songs and Stories from the Road [Audio CD/CD-Rom] (Highbridge Company, 2008).
6.	Audio clip of Philip Frazier courtesy Matt Sakakeeny, who edited the Tremé second-line segment for American Routes, broadcast August 22, 2007, on American Routes. See: Nick Spitzer, American Routes: Songs and Stories from the Road [Audio CD/CD-Rom] (Highbridge Company, 2008).
7.	Roger D. Abrahams, Nick Spitzer, John Szwed, and Robert Farris Thompson, Blues for New Orleans: Mardi Gras and America’s Creole Soul (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006).
8.	Jon Pareles, "Mardi Gras Dawns With Some Traditions in Jeopardy," The New York Times, February 28, 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/28/arts/music/28pare.html.
9.	Nick Spitzer, "Rebuilding the Land of Dreams with Music," in Eugenie Ladner Birch and Susan M. Wachter, eds., Rebuilding Urban Places After Disaster: Lessons from Hurricane Katrina. (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006), 305-328.
10.	Various Artists, Our New Orleans: A Benefit Album (Nonesuch Records, 2005).
11.	Interview with Allen Toussaint that aired August 2009 on American Routes.
12.	Personal communication, Robert O’Meally, 2004.
13.	The CD containing some of these is the 2008 Blue Crescent on Basin Street Records: New Orleans. White had previously made much of this connection to elder jazz musicians whom he had learned from (on records or in person), been advised by, or played with, musicians such as George Lewis, Danny Barker, and Doc Paulin. He referred to these and other players of traditional jazz as now "dancing in the sky" and made a recording of the same name also on Basin Street Records prior to the floods of 2005.
14.	Edwin Bocage, as quoted in Various Artists, Our New Orleans: A Benefit Album (Nonesuch Records, 2005).
15.	Interview was broadcast November 2, 2005, on American Routes.
16.	Earl Barthé, as quoted in Nick Spitzer, "The Aesthetics of Work and Play in Creole New Orleans," in John Ethan Hankins and Steven Maclansky, eds., Raised to the Trade: Creole Building Arts of New Orleans (New Orleans: New Orleans Museum of Art, 2002), 123.
17.	Jonn Ethan Hankins and Steven Maklansky, eds., Raised to the Trade: Creole Building Arts of New Orleans (New Orleans: New Orleans Museum of Art, 2002)
18.	Kate Ellis, Stephen Smith, and Nick Spitzer, Routes to Recovery, American Radioworks, 2007.
19.	For one good example, see: Robert Giegengack and Kenneth R. Foster, "Physical Constraints on Reconstructing New Orleans," in Eugenie L. Birch and Susan M. Wachter, eds., Rebuilding Urban Places After Disaster: Lessons From Hurricane Katrina (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006), 13-33.
20.	I must admit, though, that we probably will never know exactly how many people left New Orleans before Katrina or never returned after it because of the city’s weak infrastructure, limited economic opportunities, or racial and class barriers.
21.	Shannon Lee Dawdy, Building the Devil’s Empire: French Colonial New Orleans (University of Chicago Press, 2009).
22.	Nicholas R. Spitzer, "The Creole State: An Introduction to Louisiana Traditional Culture," Louisiana's Living Traditions, 1985.
23.	Quoted in Wayne Curtis, "Houses of the Future," The Atlantic, November 2009. http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/11/houses-of-the-future/7708/
24.	Nick Spitzer, "Rebuilding the Land of Dreams with Music," in Eugenie Ladner Birch and Susan M. Wachter, eds., Rebuilding Urban Places After Disaster: Lessons from Hurricane Katrina (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006), 308.
25.	Harrison’s remark was made at the Penn Institute for Urban Research Seminar, Arts in the City: Can the Arts Revive Our City and the Nation’s Economy? Philadelphia, March 2, 2010. I distinguish "way of life," as an organic cultural attribute, from "quality of life," which more often is a kind of add-on or enumerative set of features favored by advocates of economic development based in "creative economy"—most prominently Richard Florida, who ironically has New Orleans low on his quality-of-life rankings compared to many cities with far less organic "way of life" depth.
26.	American Creole: New Orleans Reunion, DVD, Documentary directed by Michelle Benoit and Glen Pitre, Louisiana Public Broadcasting. 2006.
27.	Interviews from Nick Spitzer, American Routes, 2003 and 2010.
28.	Viranjini Munasinghe, "Theorizing World Culture through the New World: East Indians and Creolization," American Ethnologist 33, no. 4 (November 2006): 549-562. For a discussion of Viranjini Munasinghe's article see American Ethnologist 33, no. 4 (November 2006): 563-592.
29.	Viranjini Munasinghe, "Theorizing World Culture through the New World: East Indians and Creolization," American Ethnologist 33, no. 4 (November 2006): 549-562.
30.	Quoted in Nick Spitzer, "Rebuilding the Land of Dreams with Music," in Eugenie Ladner Birch and Susan M. Wachter, eds., Rebuilding Urban Places After Disaster: Lessons from Hurricane Katrina (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006), 326.

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