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Southern Spaces

A journal about real and imagined spaces and places of the US South and their global connections

Deep Ellum Blues

...L. McDonald, Dallas Rediscovered: A Photographic Chronicle of Urban Expansion, 1870-1925 (Dallas: The Dallas Historical Society, 1978), v. Almost nothing, neither geography nor government, constrained the growth of the city, and it...

"Out long enough to be historic": Racialized Gay Space in Pre-Stonewall San Antonio

...the Texas and the Tyler Region," (Tyler: Texas Demographic Center, 2017), https://demographics.texas.gov/Resources/Presentations/OSD/2017/ 2017_03_21_TylerCatalyst100.pdf. Figure 4 presents a map of Texas's Black enslaved population in 1845, and Figure 5 a map...

Crossing Over: Sustainability, New Urbanism, and Gentrification in Austin, Texas

...area has undergone significant demographic change as middle class whites and upscale businesses have moved in.3Ryan Robinson, "Top Ten Demographic Trends in Austin, Texas," http://www.austintexas.gov/page/top-ten-demographic-trends-austin-texas, accessed December 18, 2014. Robinson...

The Countryside Transformed: The Eastern Shore of Virginia, the Pennsylvania Railroad, and the Creation of a Modern Landscape

Introduction Map of Eastern Virginia, circa 1862 When in 1884 the New York, Philadelphia, and Norfolk Railroad, a subsidiary of the powerful Pennsylvania system, extended its line south through the...

Kara Walker's Blood Sugar: A Subtlety or the Marvelous Sugar Baby

...A Subtlety, Brooklyn, New York, 2014. Photograph on left by Valérie Loichot. Courtesy of Valérie Loichot. Photograph on right by B. C. Lorio. Courtesy of B. C. Lorio. The molasses...

Cruising Grounds: Seeking Sex and Claiming Place in Houston, 1960–1980

...move across the city landscape to more private spaces after meeting in more public ones. Map showing grades of security, Houston, Texas, 1937. Map by Texas Map and Blueprinting Company,...

Daily Life, State Power, and Theory in the Lonestar State: A Review of Robert Wuthnow's Rough Country

...free market innovation. These cultural ideologies, concludes Wuthnow, shaped and impacted religion in Texas well into the twentieth century. Top, "Don't Mess with Texas," former Texas Govenor Rick Perry covers...

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References
1.	"A Step Backward," Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, September 19, 1891, 98.
2.	Charles W. Chesnutt, "The White and the Black," Boston Evening Transcript, March 20, 1901, 13.
3.	Founded in 1900 and headquartered in Norfolk, Virginia, the Sea Board Air Line Railway ran along the South's eastern coast, terminating in Florida. Despite its name, it owned no airplanes. Before the days of air travel, "air line" (as in a straight line drawn in the air) was a term widely used to describe the shortest distance between two points, and it became part of the name of a number of nineteenth-century railroads whose proprietors wished to emphasize that their routes were more direct than those of competing roads.
4.	"E. A. Johnson, John Dancy, R. H. W. Leak et al. vs. Seaboard Airline and Southern Railroad," in Eighth Annual Report of the Board of Railroad Commissioners of North Carolina (Raleigh: Guy V. Barnes, Printer to the State, 1898), 110.
5.	"E. A. Johnson, John Dancy, R. H. W. Leak et al. vs. Seaboard Airline and Southern Railroad."
6.	Chesnutt, "The White and the Black," 13.
7.	Ray Stannard Baker, Following the Color Line: An Account of Negro Citizenship in the American Democracy (New York: Doubleday, 1908), 223.
8.	"Atlanta Terminal of the Southern Railway," International Railway Journal 8, no. 5 (August 1905): 17.
9.	Benjamin Mays, Born to Rebel: An Autobiography (New York: Scribner, 1971; Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2003), 78.
10.	Mays, Born to Rebel, 79.
11.	A Florida statute passed in 1907 required "Separate Waiting Rooms and Ticket Windows," The Compiled Laws, 1914, of the State of Florida (St. Paul, FL: West, 1915), 2960e.
12.	Joan Steinau Lester, Eleanor Holmes Norton: Fire in My Soul (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003), 24.
13.	W. E. B. Du Bois, "On Being Black," New Republic, 21, no. 272, February 18, 1920.
14.	Anna Julia Cooper, A Voice from the South (Xenia, OH: Alpine Printing House, 1892), 90.
15.	Du Bois, "On Being Black."
16.	"Tells of Jim Crow by Railroad," Chicago Defender, October 5, 1946, 14. Complaints about being Jim Crowed in Cairo, Illinois, go as far back as the World War I era. See, for example, "Jim Crow in Illinois," Chicago Defender, July 18, 1914, 8; "Ill. Central Mistreats Colored Passengers," Chicago Defender, September 5, 1914, 1.
17.	"Dan Burley's Back Door Stuff: Looking through the Window of a Jim Crow Train," New York Amsterdam News, November 13, 1943, 8B.
18.	Langston Hughes, "From Rampart Street to Harlem, I Follow the Trail of the Blues," (December 6, 1952), in The Collected Writings of Langston Hughes, vol. 10: Fight for Freedom and Other Writings on Civil Rights (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2001), 245.
19.	The Code of Alabama: Adopted by Act of the General Assembly . . . Approved February 16, 1897, prepared by William Logan Martin (Atlanta, GA: Foote and Davies, 1887), chap. 95, art. 2, 3455, p. 975.
20.	The General Code of the City of Birmingham, Alabama, of 1930: (Includes All Ordinances of a General and Permanent Nature except as Specified in Sec. 6113). (Birmingham Printing Company, 1930), 215.
21.	Thomas Montgomery Gregory, "The Jim-Crow Car: An N.A.A.C.P. Investigation, Part III," Crisis, February 1916, 196.
22.	William Pickens, "Jim-Crowed," Socialist Review 9, no. 2 (1920): 126.
23.	"Chapter 1: Early Years," The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr., ed. Clayborne Carson, https:// kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/publications/autobiography-martin-luther-king-jr-contents/chapter-1-early-years.