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Southern Spaces: A Partial History

...Spaces would become a site for training graduate students in digital publishing. And that, where possible, we would collaborate with small non-profit organizations engaged in regional research and education that...

Ablaze: The 1849 White Supremacist Attack on the Pendleton Post Office

...to lie down quietly in the bosom of home, and render up his spirit to Him who gave it— another victim to the dark and bloody spirit of Slavery, whose...

Television News and the Civil Rights Struggle: The Views in Virginia and Mississippi

...as the Danville Bee and Danville Register, characterized SNCC's activities in Danville as detrimental to the otherwise harmonious relations between local blacks and whites. They also reinforced city officials' views...

Patchwork Freedoms: Law, Slavery, and Race beyond Cuba's Plantations

...that racial thinking was fundamentally entwined with manumission as a process. The state itself had allowed for some malleability of official color taxonomies prudentially. Somewhat privileged people of African descent,...

Slavery's Traces: In Search of Ashley's Sack

...named Rose, valued at $700. The full listing reads: Slave Cicero 1,000, slave Sophia 300, slave Jane 400 Slave Jack 800, slave Rose 700, slave David 800, old woman 100...

Draining Paradise: A Tour of Salt Creek in St. Petersburg, Florida

...spiritual home on the Black side of a segregation boundary. The interstate and dome destroyed the old structure, and today, the site is now a nondescript concrete parking garage. The...

The Shenandoah Valley

...west through the gaps along the Blue Ridge. Colonial Virginia governors and officials were glad to encourage settlement in the Valley as a buffer against French and Indian claims in...

Memorializing the Freedom Riders

Essay Another Mother's Day has come and gone and still no officially supported memorial honors the Freedom Riders at the site where civil rights workers braved the vicious firebombing of...

Counterblast: How the Atlanta Temple Bombing Strengthened the Civil Rights Cause

...Federal and state authorities lost no time in searching for those responsible for the attack. The earlier synagogue bombings had already led southern officials in May 1958 to establish a...

References
1.	Atlanta Constitution, October 13, 1958; New York Times, October 16, 1958. For a more substantial narrative of events, see Melissa Fay Greene, The Temple Bombing (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1996).
2.	UPI report, October 13, 1958.
3.	Albert Vorspan to I. Cyrus Gordon, Commission on Social Action of Reform Judaism, March 3, 1958, "Attempted Dynamiting of North Carolina Synagogues," Small Collections, Jacob Rader Center of the American Jewish Archives, Cincinnati, Ohio.
4.	Nathan Perlmutter, "Bombing in Miami: Anti-Semitism and the Segregationists," Commentary 25 (June 1958): 498–503; Jackson Toby, "Bombing in Nashville: A Jewish Center and the Desegregation Struggle," Commentary 25 (May 1958): 385–89.
5.	Southern Jewish Weekly, May 2, 1958; Richmond Afro-American, May 3, 1958.
6.	Arthur J. Levin, Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, Atlanta office, circular, August 15, 1952, box 46, folder 15, Series 5, Ralph McGill Papers, 1853–1971, Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University, Atlanta.
7.	Jacob M. Rothschild to Balfour Brickner, October 12, 1961, box 5, folder 8, Rothschild Papers, 1933–1985, Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University, Atlanta.
8.	Harold C. Fleming to Jacob M. Rothschild, January 6, 1958, box 3, folder 8, Rothschild Papers; Columbus Enquirer, February 19, 1947; David A. Harmon, "Beneath the Image: The Civil Rights Movement and Race Relations in Atlanta, Georgia, 1946–1981," PhD diss., Emory University, 1993, 206–8; Leonard Dinnerstein, "Southern Jewry and the Desegregation Crisis, 1954–1970," American Jewish Historical Quarterly 62 (1973): 239; P. Allen Krause, "Rabbis and Negro Rights in the South, 1954–1967," American Jewish Archives 21 (April 1969): 38.
9.	Paul Good, The Trouble I've Seen: White Journalist/Black Movement (Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1975), 25–6.
10.	Janice Rothschild Blumberg, One Voice: Rabbi Jacob M. Rothschild and the Troubled South (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1985), 63–4.
11.	New York Times, October 18, 1958.
12.	For further background on Fields and Stoner, see John George and Laird Wilcox, American Extremists: Militias, Supremacists, Klansmen, Communists & Others (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1996), 354–61.
13.	Denver Post, December 4, 1958; Greene, Temple Bombing, 164.
14.	Chicago Defender, November 22, 1958. See also the description of George Bright, one of the suspects in the Atlanta Temple bombing case, as a "brilliant architect" in SCR ID # 1-8-0-16-5-1-1, Sovereignty Commission Online, Mississippi Department of Archives & History Digital Collections, http://mdah.state.ms.us/bugle/sovcom/, accessed December 1, 2006.
15.	California Bureau of Criminal Identification and Investigation, Para-Military Organizations in California White Extremist Organizations, Part II: National States Rights PartyThe Present-Day Ku Klux Klan Movement, Report by the Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, 90th Cong. Ist Sess., December 11, 1967 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1967), 13. (Sacramento, CA, 1965), NSRP-4; (unpublished monograph, May 1970), 5, National States Rights Party, Federal Bureau of Investigation File, Part II, ii, 2; NSRP membership application form, box 39, Jewish Community Relations Council of Minnesota Papers, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul; The Present-Day Ku Klux Klan Movement, Report by the Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, 90th Cong. Ist Sess., December 11, 1967 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1967), 13.
16.	George Thayer, The Farther Shores of Politics: The American Political Fringe Today (London: Allen Lane, 1968), 38.
17.	"Scientists Say Negro Still in Ape Stage," Birmingham Police Department Surveillance Files, 1947–1980.
18.	J. B. Stoner, "The Philosophy of 'White Racism,'" n.d., American Jewish Committee Anti-Semitic and Extremist Collection, Jacob and Hilda Blaustein Human Relations Library, New York.
19.	David L. Chappell, A Stone of Hope: Prophetic Religion and the Death of Jim Crow (Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2004).
20.	John G. Crommelin to J. Edgar Hoover, November 1, 1958, John Crommelin Federal Bureau of Investigation File.
21.	"The Trial of George M. Bright," ADL Bulletin 16 (February 1959): 7; Janice Rothschild Blumberg, One Voice: Rabbi Jacob M. Rothschild and the Troubled South (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1985), 99–107; Arnold Shankman, "A Temple is Bombed—Atlanta, 1958,” American Jewish Archives 23 (November 1971): 131.
22.	For more information on Frank, see Leonard Dinnerstein, The Leo Frank Case (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968) and Steve Oney, And the Dead Shall Rise: The Murder of Mary Phagan and the Lynching of Leo Frank (New York: Pantheon, 2003).
23.	Matthew D. Lassiter, The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006).
24.	For an excellent analysis of the moderate coalition that controlled Atlanta in the postwar era, see Kevin M. Kruse, White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2005), especially 19–41.
25.	Atlanta Constitution, October 13, 14, 1958.
26.	Cecil Alexander, interview with author, November 13, 1993.
27.	Cecil Alexander, transcript of oral interview, Atlanta Jewish Community Archives; Krause, "Rabbis and Negro Rights," 39.
28.	Benjamin E. Mays, Born to Rebel: An Autobiography (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987), 261–63; Xenona Clayton with Hal Gulliver, I've Been Marching All the Time: An Autobiography (Atlanta: Longstreet Press, 1991), 148, Martin Luther King, Jr. to Jacob M. Rothschild, March 8, 1965, box 6, folder 7, Rothschild Papers.
29.	Birmingham World, May 3, 1958; Atlanta Daily World, October 21, 1958; Jacob M. Rothschild to Chaplain Bill Allison, December 5, 1958, box 5, folder 3, Rothschild Papers.
30.	Atlanta Daily World, October 14 and 15, 1958.
31.	Atlanta Baptist Association, resolution of October 14, 1958, box 4, folder 1, Rothschild Papers; Atlanta Daily World, October 18, 19, 23, 1958.
32.	New York Times, December 27, 1951; Annie Moore to Ralph McGill, October 14, 1958, box 4, folder 1, Rothschild Papers.
33.	William D. Workman, Jr., The Case for the South (New York: Devin-Adair Company, 1960), vii.
34.	The Citizens' Council, November 1955, 4.
35.	The Citizens' Council, October 1958, 3; Evening Capital (Annapolis, MD), October 16, 1958.
36.	Albuquerque Journal, October 13, 1958.
37.	Atlanta Constitution, October 13, 1958. See also Ralph McGill, A Church, A School (New York and Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1959), 9–11.
38.	Tom Strong to Jacob M. Rothschild, October 16, 1958; William B. Hartsfield to Tom Strong, October 25, 1958, box 4, folder 4, Rothschild Papers.
39.	Congressional Record, Vol. 106, Part 5, 86th Congress, 2d Session, 5727–28.
40.	Congressional Record, Vol. 106, Part 6, 86th Congress, 2d Session, 7581 and Vol. 106, Part 4, 5462.

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