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Southern Spaces

A journal about real and imagined spaces and places of the US South and their global connections

Cruising Grounds: Seeking Sex and Claiming Place in Houston, 1960–1980

...at 94 in 1982. During the 1980s, Houston endured the double impact of HIV/AIDS and the long economic fallout of the 1981 oil bust. The number of queer businesses began...

"Within Thy Circling Pow'r I Stand": Immersive Video from Sacred Harp's Hollow Square

...cameras into a series of 360-degree videos.3Janko Roettgers, "Google Is Shutting Down Its Jump VR Video Program," Variety (blog), May 18, 2019, https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/google-jump-shutting-down-1203219306/. We used the Sennheiser Ambeo VR microphone...

Low-Wage Legacies, Race, and the Golden Chicken in Mississippi: Where Contemporary Immigration Meets African American Labor History

...that white workers increasingly found new opportunities elsewhere, chicken plants faced an ever mounting need for cheap labor. Mississipi's method, pamphlet, n.d. Courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and...

The Carolina Piedmont

...of the Atlanta and Richmond Air-Line Railway offered a direct route from New York to New Orleans and further shifted the region's orientation away from the Carolina coast. Cotton agriculture,...

Walking into History: The Beginning of School Desegregation in Nashville

...Glenn schools nearby. It was later reported that the Bailey child's grandparents (her legal guardians), after being besieged with phoned threats against her life, had decided to enroll her elsewhere....

All Roads Led from Rome: Facing the History of Cherokee Expulsion

...As rising tension elevated the potential for violence, numbers increasingly favored the Georgians. Fewer than nine thousand Cherokees lived on land sought by nearly 220,000 Georgians and awarded to 54,500...

The Battle of Atlanta: History and Remembrance

...North, New York Times, September 3, 1864. Northern Civil War commanders made the capture of Confederate cities—specifically Atlanta and Richmond—and the crippling or destroying of the armies defending them, the major...

Dixie Destinations: Rereading Jonathan Daniels's A Southerner Discovers the South

...the summer of 1938. By taking to the road, Daniels was following the lead of a number of writers who set out to see the United States in the midst...

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References
1.	Jonathan Daniels to Josephus Daniels, 19 April 1937, in Folder 151 of the Jonathan Daniels Papers #3466, Southern Historical Collection, The Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Hereafter Daniels Papers, SHC.
2.	"Notes Made on Southern Tour," p. 1, typescript in Folder 2089b, Daniels Papers, SHC.
3.	Jonathan Daniels, A Southerner Discovers the South (New York: Macmillan, 1938). All references are to this edition. Publishers Weekly listed A Southerner Discovers the South among its "Candidates for the Best Seller List" in its July 30, August 6, and August 20, 1938, issues. The book then made the magazine's weekly and monthly best sellers lists for August and September.
4.	For the book's popularity in the South, see "The Week's Best Sellers," Publishers Weekly, 3 September 1938, 768. Graham's view, expressed in a letter to Southern Policy Committee founder Francis Pickens Miller, is noted in Patricia Sullivan, Days of Hope: Race and Democracy in the New Deal Era (Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 67.
5.	Morris Dickstein, Dancing in the Dark: A Cultural History of the Great Depression (New York: Norton, 2009), 9-10. On the documentary tradition of the 1930s, see William Stott, Documentary Expression and Thirties America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973); John Rogers Puckett, Five Photo-Textual Documentaries from the Great Depression (Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI Research Press, 1984); Carl Fleischhauer and Beverly W. Brannan, eds. Documenting America, 1935-1943 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988); Michael E. Staub, Voices of Persuasion: Politics of Representation in 1930s America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Michael Denning, The Cultural Front: The Laboring of American Culture in the Twentieth Century (London and New York: Verso, 1997), esp. 118-19; and Linda Gordon, Dorothea Lange: A Life Beyond Limits (New York: Norton, 2009).
6.	Daniels left Fortune and returned to Raleigh in 1932, but not until after the November presidential election. See Jonathan Worth Daniels, interview by Charles Eagles, 9-11 March 1977, interview A-0313, Southern Oral History Program Collection (#4007), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, available online in theDocumenting the American South Collection at http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/A-0313/menu.html. For Daniels' awareness of James Rorty's travels, see A Southerner Discovers the South, 86-87.
7.	Daniels, A Southerner Discovers the South, 10.
8.	"A Southerner Discovers the South," Avalanche-Journal, Lubbock, Texas, 17 July 1938, 21.
9.	Lambert Davis, "Progress below the Potomac," Saturday Review of Literature, 16 July 1938, 5.
10.	The July 12 publication date is mentioned in "Opportune Opus for Dixie," Richmond Times-Dispatch, 19 July 1938, clipping in A Southerner Discovers the South scrapbook, Folder OP-3466/24, Daniels Papers, SHC. On the leak of Roosevelt's letter, see David L. Carlton and Peter A. Coclanis, eds. Confronting Southern Poverty in the Great Depression: The Report on Economic Conditions of the South with Related Documents (Boston and New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1996), 19-20; and Steve Davis, "The South as 'The Nation's No. 1 Economic Problem': The NEC Report of 1938," Georgia Historical Quarterly 62 (Summer 1978), 122.
11.	"Our 'No. 1 Problem,'" Boston Herald, 17 July 1938, 4, clipping in A Southerner Discovers the Southscrapbook, Daniels Papers, SHC; "Opportune Opus for Dixie," clipping, Daniels Papers, SHC; John Chamberlain, "Swing Around the South," The New Republic, 13 July 1938, 284.
12.	Sullivan, Days of Hope, 6.
13.	Quoted in Sullivan, Days of Hope, 67.
14.	Carlton and Coclanis, Confronting Southern Poverty, 11. On the Southern Policy Committee, see also Francis Pickens Miller, Man from the Valley: Memoirs of a Twentieth-Century Virginian (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1971), 81-84; George Brown Tindall, The Emergence of the New South, 1913-1945(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1967), 592-94; Bruce J. Schulman, From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt: Federal Policy, Economic Development, and the Transformation of the South, 1938-1980 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 40-43; and John Egerton, Speak Now Against the Day: The Generation Before the Civil Rights Movement in the South (New York: Knopf, 1994), 175-77.
15.	Foreman quoted in Davis, "NEC Report of 1938," 121.
16.	Lucy Daniels, the second of Daniels's four children, portrays her father as depressed, alcoholic, and emotionally abusive in her intimate memoir, With a Woman's Voice: A Writer's Struggle for Emotional Freedom(Laham, Md.: Madison Books, 2002). Biographical information on Daniels comes from this source; Charles W. Eagles, Jonathan Daniels and Race Relations: The Evolution of a Southern Liberal (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1982); and the Southern Oral History Program interview cited above.
17.	On Josephus Daniels' relationship with Franklin Roosevelt, see Carroll Kilpatrick, ed., Roosevelt and Daniels: A Friendship in Politics (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1952).
18.	The scholarship on white liberals and radicals in the pre-World War II South is large. Major works include Wilma Dykeman and James Stokely, Seeds of Southern Change: The Life of Will Alexander (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1962); Morton Sosna, In Search of the Silent South: Southern Liberals and the Race Question (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977); Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, Revolt Against Chivalry: Jessie Daniel Ames and the Women's Campaign Against Lynching (1979; rev. ed., New York: Columbia University Press, 1993); Eagles, Jonathan Daniels and Race Relations; Fred Hobson, Tell About the South: The Southern Rage to Explain (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1983) and But Now I See: The White Southern Racial Conversion Narrative (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999); John T. Kneebone, Southern Liberal Journalists and the Issue of Race, 1920-1944 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985); Egerton, Speak Now Against the Day; Sullivan, Days of Hope; Anthony P. Dunbar,Against the Grain: Southern Radicals and Prophets, 1929-1959 (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1981; John A. Salmond, Miss Lucy of the CIO: The Life and Times of Lucy Randolph Mason, 1882-1959(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1988); Robin D. G. Kelley, Hammer and Hoe: Alabama Communists During the Great Depression (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990); Robert Rodgers Korstad,Civil Rights Unionism: Tobacco Workers and the Struggle for Democracy in the Mid-Twentieth-Century South(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003); and Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Defying Dixie: The Radical Roots of Civil Rights, 1919-1950 (New York: Norton, 2008).
19.	On the importance of the black-Left-labor coalition, see esp. Jacquelyn Hall's influential "The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past," Journal of American History 91 (March 2005), and Gilmore, Defying Dixie.
20.	Gilmore, Defying Dixie, 22. On his role in the North Carolina white supremacy campaign, see also Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), esp. 83-84, 88-89.
21.	Eagles, Jonathan Daniels and Race Relations, 3.
22.	Eagles, Jonathan Daniels and Race Relations, 45-50.
23.	On his willingness to see Murray admitted to UNC, see Gilmore, Defying Dixie, 278. His civil rights era positions are outlined in Eagles, Jonathan Daniels and Race Relations, chs. 6 & 7.
24.	Egerton, Speak Now Against the Day, 259.
25.	Benjamin Brawley, "A Southerner's Travels at Home," Journal of Negro Education 7 (October 1938), 553.
26.	Harold Strauss to Jonathan Daniels, 25 February 1937, in Folder 151, Daniels Papers, SHC.
27.	Jonathan Daniels to Josephus Daniels, [27 February 1937?], in Folder 151, Daniels Papers, SHC.
28.	Daniels mentions the lunch in A Southerner Discovers the South, 2. On the contract negotiations, see Jonathan Daniels to Josephus Daniels, 19 April 1937, in Folder 151, Daniels Papers, SHC.
29.	Jonathan Daniels to Josephus Daniels, 19 April 1937, in Folder 151, Daniels Papers, SHC.
30.	Jonathan Daniels to Josephus Daniels, 26 April 1937, in Folder 151, Daniels Papers, SHC. Daniels wrote "Little Rocky" but I have standardized the city's name for clarity.
31.	The journal Daniels kept during his trip ran from May 5 through June 7 but ended with Daniels in Florida. It is unclear how many more days it took him to return to Raleigh or whether he followed the route described inA Southerner Discovers the South. See "Notes Made on Southern Tour," Daniels Papers, SHC.
32.	Frank L. Owsley, "Mr. Daniels Discovers the South," Southern Review 4 (1939), 666.
33.	Scholarship on both the Regionalists and the Agrarians is extensive. Major works include Daniel Joseph Singal, The War Within: From Victorian to Modernist Thought in the South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982); Michael O'Brien, The Idea of the American South, 1920-1941 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979); Paul K. Conkin, The Southern Agrarians (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1988); Mark O. Malvasi, The Unregenerate South: The Agrarian Thought of John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, and Donald Davidson (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997); Paul V. Murphy, The Rebuke of History: The Southern Agrarians and American Conservative Thought (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001); Emily S. Bingham and Thomas A. Underwood, eds. The Southern Agrarians and the New Deal: Essays After I'll Take My Stand (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2001); and Michael O'Brien, Placing the South (Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 2007).
34.	Avery Craven, review of A Southerner Discovers the South in American Journal of Sociology 44 (March 1939), 774-75; Paul H. Buck, review of A Southerner Discovers the South in Mississippi Valley Historical Review 25 (March 1939), 579-80.
35.	Craven, review in American Journal of Sociology, 775.
36.	Daniels, A Southerner Discovers the South, 11.
37.	For Daniels's conversation with Mitchell, see "Notes Made on Southern Tour," Daniels Papers, SHC.
38.	On Highlander Folk School, see John M. Glen, Highlander: No Ordinary School, 1932-1962 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1988); and Aimee Isgrig Horton, The Highlander Folk School: A History of Its Major Programs, 1932-1961 (New York: Carlson, 1989). On the Scottsboro cases, see Dan T. Carter,Scottsboro: A Tragedy of the American South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1969); James Goodman, Stories of Scottsboro (New York: Random House, 1995); and James R. Acker, Scottsboro and Its Legacy: The Cases That Challenged American Legal and Social Justice (Westport, Conn. and London: Praeger, 2008).
39.	For Daniels' visit to Tuskegee, see "Notes Made on Southern Tour," Daniels Papers, SHC.
40.	See "Notes Made on Southern Tour," Daniels Papers, SHC.
41.	Daniels, A Southerner Discovers the South, 12.
42.	See "Notes Made on Southern Tour," Daniels Papers, SHC.
43.	Daniels, A Southerner Discovers the South, 12-13.
44.	Dickstein, Dancing in the Dark, 96. See also Dan B. Miller, Erskine Caldwell: The Journey from Tobacco Road (New York: Knopf, 1995).
45.	Quoted in Miller, Erskine Caldwell, 232.
46.	Erskine Caldwell and Margaret Bourke-White, You Have Seen Their Faces (New York: Viking, 1937).
47.	Malcolm Cowley, Review of You Have Seen Their Faces, New Republic, 24 November 1937, 78.
48.	Stott, Documentary Expression and Thirties America, 213.
49.	On Daniels's travels with Eisenstaedt, see "Author Jonathan Daniels Inspects Atlanta's Scenery," Atlanta Journal, and similar clippings in A Southerner Discovers the South scrapbook, Daniels papers, SHC.
50.	Erskine Caldwell, Call It Experience: The Years of Learning How to Write (1951; Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996), 163.
51.	Dickstein, Dancing in the Dark, 99.
52.	Caldwell and Bourke-White, You Have Seen Their Faces, 187.
53.	Puckett, Five Photo-Textual Documentaries, 33.
54.	For these and other critical reactions to You Have Seen Their Faces, see Miller, Erskine Caldwell, 239-41.
55.	Robert E. Snyder, "Erskine Caldwell and Margaret Bourke-White: 'You Have Seen Their Faces',"Prospects 11 (1986), 393-94.
56.	William E. Leuchtenburg in Books of Passage: 27 North Carolina Writers on the Books that Changed Their Lives, ed. David Perkins (Asheboro, N.C.: Down Home Press, 1996), 112. Thanks to Daniel McInerney for bringing this source to my attention.
57.	Daniels, A Southerner Discovers the South, 7-8.
58.	On the "I've Seen America" documentary subgenre of the late 1930s, see Stott, Documentary Expression and Thirties America, ch. 13.
59.	Daniels, A Southerner Discovers the South, 9-10.
60.	"Opportune Opus for Dixie," clipping, Daniels papers, SHC.
61.	Gerald W. Johnson, "Here is the Best Book on the Modern South," New York Herald Tribune, 17 July 1938, clipping in A Southerner Discovers the South scrapbook, Daniels Papers, SHC.
62.	Buck, review in Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 580.
63.	David W. Blight, Beyond the Battlefield: Race, Memory, and the American Civil War (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002), 145.
64.	Daniels, A Southerner Discovers the South, 345.
65.	Brawley, "A Southerner's Travels at Home," 553.
66.	A. Mercer Daniel, review of A Southerner Discovers the South in Journal of Negro History 24 (January 1939), 106.
67.	Virginius Dabney, "Discovering the South," [Richmond Times-Dispatch?], clipping in A Southerner Discovers the South scrapbook, Daniels Papers, SHC.
68.	Daniels, A Southerner Discovers the South, 343; Eleanor Roosevelt, "My Day," 28 August 1938, clipping in A Southerner Discovers the South scrapbook, Daniels Papers, SHC. Another "My Day" clipping in this scrapbook is dated 5 August 1938.
69.	Leuchtenburg in Books of Passage, 113-14.
70.	Sterling A. Brown, "South on the Move," Opportunity, reprinted in John Edgar Tidwell and Mark A. Sanders, eds. Sterling A. Brown's A Negro Looks at the South (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 19-22. Tidwell and Sanders see Daniels' book as a major influence on Brown, whose published and unpublished writings about black life in the South they have collected in this volume.
71.	Jonathan Daniels, "Democracy is Bread," Virginia Quarterly Review 14 (Autumn 1938), 481, 482, 484, 489.
72.	"Democracy is Bread," Mobile (Ala.) Times, 7 October 1938, clipping in A Southerner Discovers the South scrapbook, Daniels Papers, SHC.
73.	Daniels, "Democracy is Bread," 490.
74.	Jonathan Daniels, "Economic Problems of Blighted South Concern Every State, Writer Asserts,"Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald, 20 September 1938, p. 15. See also "More than Mere Statistics Involved in NEC Report on South's Poverty," Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald, 19 September 1938, p. 13. Syndicated by the NEA, these articles appeared under slightly different titles in a variety of newspapers around the country. Clippings of the NEA releases can be found in A Southerner Discovers the South scrapbook, Daniels Papers, SHC.
75.	Jonathan Daniels, "Bring South Up to Living Standards of Nation or Make It Independent Confederacy—Daniels," Burlington (N.C.) Daily Times-News, 22 September 1938, p. 21.
76.	Eleanor Roosevelt, "My Day," 5 August 1938, clipping in A Southerner Discovers the South scrapbook, Daniels Papers, SHC.
77.	John Temple Graves, "South is Critical of the NEC Report," New York Times, 21 August 1939, 58.
78.	Sullivan, Days of Hope, 66.
79.	Carlton and Coclanis, Confronting Southern Poverty, 27.
80.	Egerton, Speak Now Against the Day, 197. On the Southern Conference for Human Welfare, see Thomas A. Krueger, And Promises to Keep: The Southern Conference for Human Welfare, 1938-1948(Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1967); Linda Reed, Simple Decency and Common Sense: The Southern Conference Movement, 1938-1963 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991); Carlton and Coclanis, Confronting Southern Poverty , 27-28; and Gilmore, Defying Dixie, 269-71.
81.	For Raper's comments, see Sullivan, Days of Hope, 67.
82.	Eagles, Jonathan Daniels and Race Relations, 72-73 and see n. 52.
83.	Daniels, A Southerner Discovers the South, 8.
84.	"The Week's Best Sellers," Publishers Weekly, 3 September 1938, 768.