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Walking into History: The Beginning of School Desegregation in Nashville

Introduction At high noon, Nashville time, on Monday, May 17, 1954, all nine justices of the United States Supreme Court in Washington joined in a declaration that legally-sanctioned racial segregation...

Single Centers of Creation?

Essay Detail from Nancy Lowe, Source, Species Icons exhibit, Schatten Gallery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 2009. Introduction In this sampling from ORIGIN, a collaborative exhibition celebrating the 150th anniversary of...

Wherein the South Differs from the North: Naming Persons, Naming Places, and the Need for Visionary Geographies

Essay No Southerner by origin, Gertrude Stein was born in Allegheny, Pennsylvania. "As I am an ardent Californian," she has Alice B. Toklas say in The Autobiography, "and as she...

Gold Records in Deep Space

The more that traces of American roots music are turned into prized relics, the more lifeless the music becomes. Only by acknowledging roots music's ephemeral and fragile qualities do its...

Aestheticizing a Political Debate: Can the Creek Confederacy Be Sung Back Together?

Aestheticizing a Political Debate: Can the Creek Confederacy Be Sung Back Together? Part 2: Womack analyzes Posey’s representation of the vexed relationships between Creeks and Freedmen in the Creek Confederacy...

DDT Disbelievers: Health and the New Economic Poisons in Georgia after World War II

Introduction DDT is good for me advertisement, Time, June 30, 1947. Scan by Flickr user Crossett Library. Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-SA 2.0. Early in 1949, Dottie Colson wrote to...

Opening Remarks: 2014 Callaloo Conference

Welcoming Comment from Natasha Trethewey Natasha Trethewey, Welcoming Comment, 2014. About the Speaker Natasha Trethewey is a Pulitzer-Prize winning poet (Native Guard, Mariner Books, 2006) and former poet laureate of...

No Place To Be Displaced: Katrina Response and the Deep South's Political Economy

Introduction Before Hurricane Katrina struck in late August of 2005, the Gulf Coast states of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama had among the highest levels of race, class, and gender inequality...

"Closest to Everlastin'": Ozark Agricultural Biodiversity and Subsistence Traditions

Introduction This here tale begins in the summer of that year, whatever year it was . . . The year don't matter. The national situation don't even matter, because even...

References
1.	Donald Harington, Butterfly Weed (New Milford, CT: The Toby Press, 1996), 5.
2.	Charles Morrow Wilson, The Bodacious Ozarks: True Tales of the Backhills (New York: Hastings House Publishers, 1959), 28.
3.	Brooks Blevins, Hill Folks: A History of Arkansas Ozarkers and Their Image (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002). Anthony Harkins, Hillbilly: A Cultural History of an American Icon (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).
4.	Karl G. Heider, Seeing Anthropology: Cultural Anthropology through Film, 4th ed. (Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2006). Robert H. Lavenda and Emily A. Shultz, Core Concepts in Cultural Anthropology, 3rd ed. (Boston: McGraw Hill Companies, Inc., 2007).
5.	Hope Shand, Human Nature: Agricultural Biodiversity and Farm-Based Food Security (Ottawa: RAFI, 1997).
6.	Bill Balee and Darrell Posey, Resource Management in Amazonia: Indigenous and Folk Strategies (New York Botanic Garden series, Advances in Economic Botany, 1989). Nancy J. Turner, The Earth’s Blanket: Traditional Teachings for Sustainable Living (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005).
7.	Gary Paul Nabhan, Cultures of Habitat: On Nature, Culture, and Story (Washington DC: Counterpoint, 1997). Virginia Nazarea, Cultural Memory and Biodiversity (Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 1998). M.L. Oldfield and J.B. Alcorn, "Conservation of Traditional Agroecosystems," Bioscience, 37 (1997) 199-208. E. Smith and M. Wishnie, "Conservation and Subsistence in Small-scale Societies," Annual Review of Anthropology 29 (2000): 493–524. Nancy J. Turner, The Earth’s Blanket: Traditional Teachings for Sustainable Living (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005).
8.	Shand, Human Nature.
9.	T. Johns, I.F. Smith, P. Eyzaguirre, "Understanding the Links Between Agriculture and Health" IFPRI, 13 (2006), 12-16.
10.	M.A. Altieri, Agroecology: The Scientific Basis of Alternative Agriculture (Boulder: Westview Press, 1995). Shand, Human Nature.
11.	Altieri, Agroecology. T. Smith and Eyzaguirre, 2006. Eugene Odum, Ecology: A Bridge Between Science and Society (Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc., 1997). When the farmer focuses strictly on large-scale production of one crop for the market, the animals that previously produced manure for fertilizer, in addition to their meat, eggs, milk, or labor, must now be replaced with tractors, chemical fertilizers, and store-bought food. If the farmer moves to large-scale animal production, s/he must purchase large amounts of feed and abandon diversified production of crops. Instead of using manure as fertilizer, it becomes a point-source pollutant, requiring extensive mitigation measures to prevent groundwater pollution. Either way, a loss of self-sufficiency results.
12.	Virginia Nazarea, Heirlooms and their Keepers: Marginality and Memory in the Conservation of Biological Diversity (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2005). J.W. Watson and P.B. Eyzaguirre, editors, "Proceedings of the Second International Home Gardens Workshop: Contribution of home gardens to in situ conservation of plant genetic resources in farming systems," 17–19 July 2001, Witzenhausen, Federal Republic of Germany. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, 2002.
13.	Nazarea, Heirlooms and their Keepers.
14.	B. Orlove and S. Brush, "Anthropology and the conservation of biodiversity," Annual Review of Anthropology 25 (1996), 329-352.
15.	Nazarea, Heirlooms and their Keepers, 16.
16.	Nazarea, Heirlooms and their Keepers, 19.
17.	Milton Rafferty, The Ozarks: Land and Life(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001).
18.	Tom Aley, "Karst Topography and Rural Poverty," Ozarkswatch 5.3 (1992), 19-21.
19.	Rafferty, The Ozarks: Land and Life. Vance Randolph, Pissing in the Snow, and other Folktales (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1976).
20.	Brian Campbell, "Ethnoecology of the Ozarks’ Agricultural Encounter," Ethnology: An International Journal of Cultural and Social Anthropology, 48.1(2009), 1-20. John Soloman Otto and Augustus Marion Burns III, "Traditional Agricultural Practices in the Arkansas Highlands," The Journal of American Folklore, 94 (1981), 166-187. Rafferty, The Ozarks: Land and Life. Vance Randolph, The Ozarks: An American Survival of Primitive Society (New York: Vanguard Press, 1931).
21.	Blevins, Hill Folks. W.O. Cralle, "Social change and isolation in the Ozark Mountain Region of Missouri," The American Journal of Sociology 41 (1936), 435–446. Art Gallaher Jr., Fifteen Years Later (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961). James West, Plainville, U.S.A. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1945).
22.	Campbell, "Ethnoecology of the Agricultural Encounter in Ethnology." James R. Veteto, "The history and survival of traditional heirloom vegetable varieties in the southern Appalachian Mountains of western North Carolina," Agriculture and Human Values 25 (2008), 121–134. K. Whealy, Foreword. In S. Stickland (ed), Heirloom Vegetables: A Home Gardener’s Guide to Finding and Growing Vegetables from the Past (New York: Fireside, 1998).
23.	Nazarea, Heirlooms and their Keepers. Orlove and Brush, "Anthropology and the conservation of biodiversity," 342.
24.	Gayle Fritz, "Identification of Cultigen Amaranth and Chenopod from Rockshelter Sites in Northwest Arkansas," American Antiquity, Vol. 49 No. 3 (1984), 558-572. George Sabo and Jerry E. Hilliard, "Woodland Period Shell-Tempered Pottery in the Central Arkansas Ozarks," Southeastern Archaeology, Winter 2008.
25.	Kenneth L. Smith, Buffalo River Handbook (Little Rock, AR: The Ozark Society, 2004).
26.	Rafferty, The Ozarks: Land and Life.
27.	Timothy Jones, "Commentary on 'Cultural Conservation of Medicinal Plant Use in the Ozarks.'" Human Organization 59(1)(2001), 136-140.
28.	Blevins, Hill Folks. Rafferty, The Ozarks: Land and Life.
29.	Russel L. Gerlach, Immigrants in the Ozarks : A Study in Ethnic Geography (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1976).
30.	Blevins, Hill Folks, Campbell n.d.
31.	Blevins, Hill Folks, 200.
32.	Harington, Let Us Build Us a City: Eleven Lost Towns. (New Milford, CT: The Toby Press, 1986), 98-9.
33.	Rafferty, The Ozarks: Land and Life.
34.	Rafferty, The Ozarks: Land and Life.
35.	Wilson, The Bodacious Ozarks, 152.
36.	Wilson, The Bodacious Ozarks, 164-5.
37.	Wilson, The Bodacious Ozarks, 28.
38.	Robert Rhoades, "Integrating Local Voices and Visions into the Global Mountain Agenda," Mountain Research and Development 20(1)(2000), 4-9.
39.	Rafferty, The Ozarks: Land and Life.
40.	While animals constitute a very significant component of traditional Ozark subsistence, this research focuses exclusively on the diversity of the home garden and cellar (for more on animals in traditional Ozark agroecology see Brian Campbell, "'A gentle work horse would come in right handy': Animals in Ozark Agroecology," Anthrozoös: A multidisciplinary journal of the interactions of people and animals, 22(3) (2009), 239-253).

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