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Lift Every Voice and Sing: The Quilts of Gwendolyn Ann Magee

Lift Every Voice and Sing, 2004. © Gwendolyn A. Magee. Pieced, quilted, stitched, and appliquéd fabrics, with cording. 41.5"x53". Courtesy of Mississippi Department of Archives and History. Photography: Dave Dawson...

The Battle of Atlanta: History and Remembrance

Introduction to the Battle of Atlanta Project Confederate and Union troops in close combat, Battle of Atlanta Cyclorama, Atlanta, Georgia, 1886. Painting by the American Panorama Company. The fall of...

Battle of Atlanta Project Discussion and Exhibit Set for July 17 at Emory's Woodruff Library

Confederate fort near Atlanta, Georgia, part of the city's inner ring of fortification, 1864. Photographic print by George H. Barnard. Courtesy of Library of Congress. Emory University's Robert W. Woodruff...

An Unflinching Look: An Interview with Photographer Benjamin Dimmitt

Bransford: Before we talk about An Unflinching Look: Elegy for Wetlands, can you talk about your personal history with the Chassahowitzka National Wildlife Refuge? And then describe the Refuge in...

The Pursuit of Health: Colonialism and Hookworm Eradication in Puerto Rico

Public Health Crossings Top, Colonel Bailey K. Ashford, ca. 1893. Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. Image is in public domain. Bottom, William H. Hunt, Governor of Puerto Rico, 1901–1904. Courtesy of...

Africana Archives: Making Art at the Schomburg

Howard Dodson, Making Art at the Schomburg: Africana Archives as Sites of Art Making (Part 1 of 3), 2014. Art making has been a critical aspect of the human experience...

Separate and Unequal Schools: The Past Is Future

Introduction On the seventieth anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education, which outlawed racial segregation in the nation’s public schools, the states of the southern US are pushing to reestablish...

From Arkansas with Love: Evangelical Crisis Management and Southern (White) Gospel Music

The Best of the Martins, 2011. Gaither Gospel Series DVD cover. © Slanted Records and The Martins. For the past forty years or so, "southern gospel" has named a professional...

References
1.	"A Step Backward," Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, September 19, 1891, 98.
2.	Charles W. Chesnutt, "The White and the Black," Boston Evening Transcript, March 20, 1901, 13.
3.	Founded in 1900 and headquartered in Norfolk, Virginia, the Sea Board Air Line Railway ran along the South's eastern coast, terminating in Florida. Despite its name, it owned no airplanes. Before the days of air travel, "air line" (as in a straight line drawn in the air) was a term widely used to describe the shortest distance between two points, and it became part of the name of a number of nineteenth-century railroads whose proprietors wished to emphasize that their routes were more direct than those of competing roads.
4.	"E. A. Johnson, John Dancy, R. H. W. Leak et al. vs. Seaboard Airline and Southern Railroad," in Eighth Annual Report of the Board of Railroad Commissioners of North Carolina (Raleigh: Guy V. Barnes, Printer to the State, 1898), 110.
5.	"E. A. Johnson, John Dancy, R. H. W. Leak et al. vs. Seaboard Airline and Southern Railroad."
6.	Chesnutt, "The White and the Black," 13.
7.	Ray Stannard Baker, Following the Color Line: An Account of Negro Citizenship in the American Democracy (New York: Doubleday, 1908), 223.
8.	"Atlanta Terminal of the Southern Railway," International Railway Journal 8, no. 5 (August 1905): 17.
9.	Benjamin Mays, Born to Rebel: An Autobiography (New York: Scribner, 1971; Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2003), 78.
10.	Mays, Born to Rebel, 79.
11.	A Florida statute passed in 1907 required "Separate Waiting Rooms and Ticket Windows," The Compiled Laws, 1914, of the State of Florida (St. Paul, FL: West, 1915), 2960e.
12.	Joan Steinau Lester, Eleanor Holmes Norton: Fire in My Soul (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003), 24.
13.	W. E. B. Du Bois, "On Being Black," New Republic, 21, no. 272, February 18, 1920.
14.	Anna Julia Cooper, A Voice from the South (Xenia, OH: Alpine Printing House, 1892), 90.
15.	Du Bois, "On Being Black."
16.	"Tells of Jim Crow by Railroad," Chicago Defender, October 5, 1946, 14. Complaints about being Jim Crowed in Cairo, Illinois, go as far back as the World War I era. See, for example, "Jim Crow in Illinois," Chicago Defender, July 18, 1914, 8; "Ill. Central Mistreats Colored Passengers," Chicago Defender, September 5, 1914, 1.
17.	"Dan Burley's Back Door Stuff: Looking through the Window of a Jim Crow Train," New York Amsterdam News, November 13, 1943, 8B.
18.	Langston Hughes, "From Rampart Street to Harlem, I Follow the Trail of the Blues," (December 6, 1952), in The Collected Writings of Langston Hughes, vol. 10: Fight for Freedom and Other Writings on Civil Rights (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2001), 245.
19.	The Code of Alabama: Adopted by Act of the General Assembly . . . Approved February 16, 1897, prepared by William Logan Martin (Atlanta, GA: Foote and Davies, 1887), chap. 95, art. 2, 3455, p. 975.
20.	The General Code of the City of Birmingham, Alabama, of 1930: (Includes All Ordinances of a General and Permanent Nature except as Specified in Sec. 6113). (Birmingham Printing Company, 1930), 215.
21.	Thomas Montgomery Gregory, "The Jim-Crow Car: An N.A.A.C.P. Investigation, Part III," Crisis, February 1916, 196.
22.	William Pickens, "Jim-Crowed," Socialist Review 9, no. 2 (1920): 126.
23.	"Chapter 1: Early Years," The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr., ed. Clayborne Carson, https:// kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/publications/autobiography-martin-luther-king-jr-contents/chapter-1-early-years.

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