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DDT Disbelievers: Health and the New Economic Poisons in Georgia after World War II

...changes. Drawn by abundant natural resources and state governments promising low-wage and non-unionized labor and cheap (or free) land, military installations sprang up and expanded, and a host of industrial...

CDC in the Pandemic's Wake

Commentary Multiple COVID-19 waves have left in their wake compelling evidence of long overlooked gaps in pandemic readiness and responsiveness. The primary lesson for the US public health and healthcare...

Crossing Over: Sustainability, New Urbanism, and Gentrification in Austin, Texas

...hastened neighborhood change. A number of scholars have criticized New Urbanism's complicity with capital in creating exclusionary spaces and "geographies of otherness," which reinforce or replicate spatial divisions.17K. Till, "Neotraditional...

Scales Intimate and Sprawling: Slavery, Emancipation, and the Geography of Marriage in Virginia

...of bureaucracy did not nest cleanly. While federal initiative may have prompted action, in Virginia, as in a number of other southern states, the cohabitation registrations came about through state...

In Good Faith: Working-Class Women, Feminism, and Religious Support in the Struggle to Organize J. P. Stevens Textile Workers in the Southern Piedmont, 1974–1980

...this map, click here. At the most distant zoom level, only Stevens mills with significant union action are labeled. The larger the marker the greater the number of employees and...

Religion and the US South

...South was the movement of increasing numbers of settlers into backcountry areas of Virginia and the Carolinas after 1750. Attracted by inexpensive land, Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, Separate Baptists from the northern...

Hoboken Style: Meaning and Change in Okefenokee Sacred Harp Singing

...line, a significant number for such a rural area. The ultra-conservative Crawfordites sought to continue most practices “as in the time of Uncle Reuben.” Since their formation in the 1870s,...

Dirty Decade: Rap Music and the US South, 1997–2007

...particular place can only produce a limited number of marketable artists) and, to a lesser degree, speculative exploration (that going to obscure places might yield a novel interpretation of the...

Unearthing the Weeping Time: Savannah's Ten Broeck Race Course and 1859 Slave Sale

...venue to the "Race Course," and reduced the number of persons for sale: Joseph Bryan’s Advertisements for the “Sale of Slaves”, The Savannah Daily Morning News, February 27, 1859. Mortimer...

References
1.	Q. K. Philander Doesticks, "Great Auction Sale of Slaves at Savannah, Georgia, March 2d and 3d, 1859," The New-York Tribune, March 9, 1859, 8.
2.	W. Fitzhugh Brundage, The Southern Past: A Clash of Race and Memory (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005), 4.
3.	Kwesi DeGraft-Hanson, "The Cultural Landscape of Slavery at Kormantsin, Ghana." Landscape Research 30, no. 4 (October 2005): 461.
4.	Keith H. Basso, Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language among the Western Apache (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1996).
5.	The precise sale site is a quarter mile away, and not visible, from the commemorative marker.
6.	Richard Muir, Approaches to Landscape (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1999).
7.	D. W. Meinig, ed., The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes: Geographical Essays (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), 7.
8.	Butler resided mainly in Philadelphia, but spent a few months out of some years visiting his Georgia plantations inherited from his maternal grandfather, Major Pierce Butler. The major's will stipulated that for his grandson(s) to inherit his properties they had to change their last name from Mease, to Butler. For brief biographic details of both Mease Butler and Major Butler, see The New Georgia Encyclopedia (http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-617); for complete biographic information about the Butler family, see Malcolm Bell, Jr., Major Butler's Legacy: Five Generations of a Slaveholding Family (Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1987). Because Butler visited the plantations infrequently, he depended on overseers like Roswell King, Sr., and his son Roswell, Jr., for daily management. Between them, the two Kings managed the Butler plantations in succession, from 1803 through the 1840s, serving three generations of Butlers.
9.	Bell, Major Butler's Legacy, 339. See also, Africans in America, a 1998 PBS documentary, online at www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia.
10.	Bell, Major Butler's Legacy, 511.
11.	Ibid., 332.
12.	Doesticks, "Great Auction," 4.
13.	Doesticks, "Great Auction," 12–13; Bell, Major Butler's Legacy, 329; Daina Ramey Berry, "'We'm Fus' Rate Bargain'; Value, Labor and Price in a Georgia Slave Community," The Chattel Principle: Internal Slave Trades in the Americas, ed. Walter Johnson, (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), 65.
14.	Doesticks, "Great Auction," 9. Also, Bell, Major Butler's Legacy, 329.
15.	Doesticks, "Great Auction," 5, 19.
16.	Ibid., 21, 27, 28.
17.	Ibid., 22, 23.
18.	Ibid., 22–23.
19.	On how the system of slavery often "check-mated" the enslaved, forcing them to make desperate choices, see Toni Morrison, Beloved (New York: Plume, 1987). In Beloved, Sethe slits her own young daughter's throat, killing her to prevent her being returned to the plantation from which she and her children had escaped. Morrison based her character on the true story of Margaret Garner (1834–1858). For an account of the Garner story, see: Steven Weisenburger, "A Historical Margaret Garner," accessed November 1, 2022, http://mullinspld.weebly.com/uploads/1/9/7/9/19799485/mgarner_history.pdf.
20.	Doesticks, "Great Auction," 24, 25.
21.	Berry, "'We'm Fus' Rate Bargain'", 67, 68.
22.	Doesticks, "Great Auction," 14, 21.
23.	Berry, "'We'm Fus' Rate Bargain'", 66.
24.	Doesticks, "Great Auction," 10.
25.	Ibid., 19.
26.	Bell, Major Butler's Legacy; Doesticks, "Great Auction," 13.
27.	Bell, Major Butler's Legacy, 312.
28.	For the story and controversy surrounding the Wanderer, see Tom Henderson Wells, The Slave Ship Wanderer (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1967); also, Erik Calonius, The Wanderer: The Last American Slave Ship And The Conspiracy That Set Its Sails (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2006). See also Henry R. Jackson, The Wanderer case; the speech of Hon. Henry R. Jackson of Savannah, Ga., (Atlanta: E. Holland, 1891). The last documented shipment of enslaved Africans brought to the United States was disembarked at Mobile, Alabama in 1859 from aboard the schooner Clotilde, http://www.archives.gov/southeast/exhibit/popups.php?p=2.5.2, accessed September 12, 2008.
29.	Mills B. Lane, Neither More Nor Less Than Men: Slavery in Georgia: A Documentary History (Savannah: Beehive Press Library of Georgia, 1993).
30.	Johnson, Soul by Soul, 2, 117–134.
31.	Ibid, 164, 165, 179, 214.
32.	Ibid, 214.
33.	See Doesticks. Bell captures the emotions and frustrations of the enslaved in the chapter: "The Weeping Time." See also Berry, "'We'm Fus' Rate Bargain'", 64, for a discussion on the slaves' perspectives, and the social impact of this slave sale.
34.	For a synopsis of both sides of this controversy, see the Editors' Introduction pages by John A. Scott, in Frances A. Kemble, Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838–1839, ed. and introduction John A. Scott (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1961), l-lii.
35.	Mart A. Stewart, "What Nature Suffers to Groe": Life, Labor and Landscape on the Georgia Coast, 1780–1920 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996): 194. And see Charles S. Aiken, The Cotton Plantation South since the Civil War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998).
36.	See Michael Vlach, Back of the Big House; The Architecture of Plantation Slavery (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1993).
37.	John Beardsley, Art and Landscape in Charleston and the Low Country: A Project of Spoleto Festival USA, with contributions by Roberta Kefalos and Theodore Rosengarten; principal photography by Len Jenshel. (Washington, DC: Spacemaker Press, 1998), 30.
38.	Theresa Singleton has stated that by the 1880s, Butler Island was no longer inhabited. See her The Archaeology of Afro-American Slavery in Coastal Georgia: A Regional Perception of Slave Household and Community Patterns (PhD diss., University of Florida, 1980), 56.
39.	See Sam B. Hilliard, "The Tidewater Rice Plantation: An Ingenious Adaptation to Nature," in Coastal Resources, Geoscience and Man, 12, ed. H.J. Walker. (Baton Rouge: The School of Geoscience, Louisiana State University, 1975): 62. Pierce F. Lewis, "Axioms for Reading the Landscape" in The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes: Geographical Essays, 12. For a comprehensive work on reading the landscape, see Richard Muir, Approaches to Landscape (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1999) and The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes. See William G. Thomas III, "The Countryside Transformed."
40.	Lewis, "Axioms for Reading the Landscape," 12.

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