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Reframing Resistance: A Review of Freedom Now!

...photographs. No image became more iconic, no place more marked by photographs than Birmingham in the days of Bull Connor's hoses and dogs. Martin A. Berger's fine book, Freedom Now! Forgotten...

Scales of Slavery on the Mason-Dixon Line: A Review of Gleanings of Freedom

Review Max Grivno's subtle and remarkably textured history of labor in northern Maryland and southern Pennsylvania, Gleanings of Freedom: Free and Slave Labor along the Mason Dixon Line, 1790–1860, details...

Geographies of Hope and Despair: Atlanta's African American, Latino, and White Day Laborers

...United States free of debt, Francisco decided not to pay a coyote (or a "pollero" as some border crossers call them) to help him get from Santa Cruz, Guatemala to...

Palomares Bajo

...boon to struggling economies. Accidents in Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Texas had been mercifully free of thermonuclear explosions—and, it seems, of significant radioactive contamination. In this...

Dirty Decade: Rap Music and the US South, 1997–2007

...particular place can only produce a limited number of marketable artists) and, to a lesser degree, speculative exploration (that going to obscure places might yield a novel interpretation of the...

The Battle of Atlanta: History and Remembrance

...of the Ohio, together numbered approximately one hundred thousand troops as they approached the city, but only about twenty-seven thousand of them fought in the Battle of Atlanta.11Woodworth, Nothing But...

Three Poems and a Critique of Postracialism

...be the first president of African descent, and in doing so eradicated racism forever." Nominating himself as Secretary of Postracial Affairs, Whitehead promised to reimagine a number of pre-postracial cultural...

References
1.	Peniel E. Joseph, "Our National Postracial Hangover" Chronicle of Higher Education, 27 July 2009. On the Gates affair, see especially Charles J. Ogletree, The Presumption of Guilt: The Arrest of Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Race, Class, and Crime in America (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).
2.	Colson Whitehead, "The Year of Living Postracially," The New York Times, November 4, 2009.
3.	The Colbert Report, episode no. 153, first broadcast October 26, 2009 by Comedy Central. Colbert went on to suggest that Cornell West rename his signature book "Race Mattered."
4.	David A. Hollinger, "The Concept of Post-Racial: How Its Easy Dismissal Obscures Important Questions," Daedalus 140, no. 1 (Winter 2011): 175.
5.	See especially Paul Gilroy, Against Race: Imagining Political Culture Beyond the Color Line (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2000).
6.	Edward S. Casey, "How to Get From Space to Place in a Fairly Short Stretch of Time: Phenomenological Prolegomena," in Senses of Place, Steven Feld and Keith H. Basso, eds. (Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, 1996), 19. I should note that in this essay and elsewhere Casey's claims are broad. He often uses the collective "we" or "human beings" to describe the purview of his philosophical project (e.g., "we are not only in places but of them" [19]). Nonetheless, as I argue in the broader project of which this essay is a part, Casey's concept of emplacement has particular urgency for raced human beings.
7.	On the genius loci trope, see Geoffrey H. Hartman, "Romantic Poetry and the Genius Loci" in Beyond Formalism: Literary Essays, 1958–1970 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970), 311–36; Roberto M. Dainotto, Place in Literature: Regions, Cultures, Communities (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000); and John D. Kerkering, "American Renaissance Poetry and the Topos of Positionality: Genius Mundi and Genius Loci in Walt Whitman and William Gilmore Simms" Victorian Poetry 43, no. 2 (Summer 2005): 223–248.
8.	Elizabeth Alexander, The Venus Hottentot (Saint Paul: Graywolf Press, 2004 [1990]), 50.
9.	Elizabeth Alexander, Antebellum Dream Book: Poems (Saint Paul: Graywolf Press, 2001), 22.
10.	Elizabeth Alexander, "Natasha Trethewey Interviews Elizabeth Alexander," Southern Spaces, December 10, 2009, https://southernspaces.org/2009/natasha-trethewey-interviews-elizabeth-alexander. On passing narratives in twentieth-century American literature, see especially Gayle Wald, Crossing the Line: Racial Passing in Twentieth-Century US Literature and Culture(Durham: Duke University Press, 2000).
11.	See especially Elizabeth McLagan, A Peculiar Paradise: A History of Blacks in Oregon (Portland: Georgian Press, 1980).
12.	Elizabeth Alexander, "Natasha Trethewey Interviews Elizabeth Alexander."
13.	Natasha Trethewey, Native Guard (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006), 36.
14.	Natasha Trethewey, Native Guard (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006), 35.
15.	Thadious M. Davis, Southscapes: Geographies of Race, Region, and Literature (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011), 58.
16.	Davis offers little help here, noting, "The Fugitives' rural iconography is made obsolete by the sound of the bulldozers building more of the city, Southscapes, 78."
17.	The paradoxes of Atlanta's uneven development and race relations have been exhaustively documented by Ronald H. Bayor, Larry Keating, Kevin M. Kruse, and David L. Sjoquist. Since the 1996 Olympics, it has become a critical doxa to describe Atlanta as an urban space characterized by its "sense of placelessness"—a "nonplace," if you will.
18.	One imagines that Robert Penn Warren and Allen Tate might have admired Trethewey's formal commitments and/or keen interest in Civil War memory. It bears repeating, this is a very well-wrought sonnet in a collection of poems called Native Guard.
19.	Davis, Southscapes, 57.
20.	Robert Lowell, For the Union Dead (New York: Farrar, 1964), 70.
21.	C. S. Giscombe, Prairie Style (Champaign, IL: Dalkey Archive Press, 2008), 22.
22.	Ron Sillman, in C. S. Giscombe, Giscome Road (Champaign, IL: Dalkey Archive Press, 1994), back cover.
23.	Giscombe, Prarie Style, xiii.
24.	C. S. Giscombe, Into and Out of Dislocation (New York: North Point Press, 2000), dust jacket.
25.	Giscombe, Prairie Style, 68–69.
26.	Max Cavitch, American Elegy: The Poetry of Mourning from the Puritans to Whitman (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007), 1.
27.	Peniel E. Joseph, "Our National Postracial Hangover: With the Gates Fiasco, the Rosy Glow Has Faded," The Chronical of Higher Education, 27 July, 2009, http://chronicle.com/article/Our-National-Postracial/47462/.
28.	George Lipsitz, How Racism Take Place (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2011), 5.
29.	Ibid., 5.
30.	For a powerful, related claim about poetry's representation power, see Neville Hoad, "Three Poems and a Pandemic" in Political Emotions: New Agendas in Communication, ed. Janet Steiger et al. (New York: Routledge, 2010).

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