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No Place To Be Displaced: Katrina Response and the Deep South's Political Economy

...3.5 % Change, 1990–2006 1116.0 94.0 Black Population % of Total Population, 1990 14.9 45.8 % of Total Population, 2006 18.6 45.3 % Change, 1990–2006 24.8 -1.0 White Population %...

The Battle of Atlanta: History and Remembrance

...eds., Sherman's Civil War: Selected Correspondence of William T. Sherman, 1860–1865 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 639. Despite several battlefield setbacks, most severely at Kennesaw Mountain on...

Racial breakdown of the population of the fourteen Georgia counties in the Lower Chattahoochee Valley.

...57.10 11,270 39.91 Early 6,212 50.28 5,947 48.14 Harris 18,584 78.43 4,614 19.47 Marion 4,347 60.85 2,434 34.07 Muscogee 93,936 50.42 81,488 43.74 Quitman 1,354 52.12 1,218 46.88 Randolph 3,034...

Color Photographs from the Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information

...newsprint, Lufkin, Texas, 1943. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, FSA/OWI Color Photographs Collection, LC-USW36-836. Arthur Rothstein, Community clothesline, FSA camp, Robstown, Texas, 1942. Library of Congress Prints and...

Sprinkle Creek, North Carolina

...Amberg. Grapevine, Sprinkle Creek, NC, 1997. Photo courtesy of Rob Amberg. Grapevine, Sprinkle Creek, NC, 1997. Photo courtesy of Rob Amberg. Chestnut tree stump on the I-26 right-of-way, Sprinkle Creek,...

Race, Capitalism, and the Rise and Fall of Black Beach Communities

...of Ida. B. Wells, 1892–1900 (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1996); W. Fitzhugh Brundage, Lynching in the New South: Georgia and Virginia, 1880–1940 (Urbana: University of Illinois, 1993). Kahrl points to a...

An Excerpt from Inseparable: The Original Siamese Twins and Their Rendezvous with American History

...surgical operation upon themselves."2James Hale, letter to Charles Harris, July 27, 1843, North Carolina State Archives. The Siamese Twins, Jeffersonian Republic, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, November 21, 1844. Excerpt from newspaper article...

Carolina's Caribbean Origins: A Review of Hubs of Empire

...Relationships," American Speech 55, no. 1 (Spring, 1980): 17–35. Overall this is a fine book: balanced, comprehensive, and well written. The story of colonial America needs to be reinserted into...

Queering Southern Gospel: A Review of Douglas Harrison's Then Sings My Soul

...Black Homophobia," The New York Times, June 1, 2012, accessed August 4, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/02/us/gospel-music-book-challenges-black-homophobia.html; Louis Bayard, "Review of Anthony Heilbut's 'The Fan Who Knew Too Much,'" The Washington Post, August...

Unearthing the Weeping Time: Savannah's Ten Broeck Race Course and 1859 Slave Sale

...Georgia, March 2d and 3d, 1859," The New-York Tribune, March 9, 1859, 8. Fitzhugh Brundage has noted that the contemporary term used to describe how people remember and articulate their history...

References
1.	Q. K. Philander Doesticks, "Great Auction Sale of Slaves at Savannah, Georgia, March 2d and 3d, 1859," The New-York Tribune, March 9, 1859, 8.
2.	W. Fitzhugh Brundage, The Southern Past: A Clash of Race and Memory (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005), 4.
3.	Kwesi DeGraft-Hanson, "The Cultural Landscape of Slavery at Kormantsin, Ghana." Landscape Research 30, no. 4 (October 2005): 461.
4.	Keith H. Basso, Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language among the Western Apache (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1996).
5.	The precise sale site is a quarter mile away, and not visible, from the commemorative marker.
6.	Richard Muir, Approaches to Landscape (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1999).
7.	D. W. Meinig, ed., The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes: Geographical Essays (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), 7.
8.	Butler resided mainly in Philadelphia, but spent a few months out of some years visiting his Georgia plantations inherited from his maternal grandfather, Major Pierce Butler. The major's will stipulated that for his grandson(s) to inherit his properties they had to change their last name from Mease, to Butler. For brief biographic details of both Mease Butler and Major Butler, see The New Georgia Encyclopedia (http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-617); for complete biographic information about the Butler family, see Malcolm Bell, Jr., Major Butler's Legacy: Five Generations of a Slaveholding Family (Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1987). Because Butler visited the plantations infrequently, he depended on overseers like Roswell King, Sr., and his son Roswell, Jr., for daily management. Between them, the two Kings managed the Butler plantations in succession, from 1803 through the 1840s, serving three generations of Butlers.
9.	Bell, Major Butler's Legacy, 339. See also, Africans in America, a 1998 PBS documentary, online at www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia.
10.	Bell, Major Butler's Legacy, 511.
11.	Ibid., 332.
12.	Doesticks, "Great Auction," 4.
13.	Doesticks, "Great Auction," 12–13; Bell, Major Butler's Legacy, 329; Daina Ramey Berry, "'We'm Fus' Rate Bargain'; Value, Labor and Price in a Georgia Slave Community," The Chattel Principle: Internal Slave Trades in the Americas, ed. Walter Johnson, (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), 65.
14.	Doesticks, "Great Auction," 9. Also, Bell, Major Butler's Legacy, 329.
15.	Doesticks, "Great Auction," 5, 19.
16.	Ibid., 21, 27, 28.
17.	Ibid., 22, 23.
18.	Ibid., 22–23.
19.	On how the system of slavery often "check-mated" the enslaved, forcing them to make desperate choices, see Toni Morrison, Beloved (New York: Plume, 1987). In Beloved, Sethe slits her own young daughter's throat, killing her to prevent her being returned to the plantation from which she and her children had escaped. Morrison based her character on the true story of Margaret Garner (1834–1858). For an account of the Garner story, see: Steven Weisenburger, "A Historical Margaret Garner," accessed November 1, 2022, http://mullinspld.weebly.com/uploads/1/9/7/9/19799485/mgarner_history.pdf.
20.	Doesticks, "Great Auction," 24, 25.
21.	Berry, "'We'm Fus' Rate Bargain'", 67, 68.
22.	Doesticks, "Great Auction," 14, 21.
23.	Berry, "'We'm Fus' Rate Bargain'", 66.
24.	Doesticks, "Great Auction," 10.
25.	Ibid., 19.
26.	Bell, Major Butler's Legacy; Doesticks, "Great Auction," 13.
27.	Bell, Major Butler's Legacy, 312.
28.	For the story and controversy surrounding the Wanderer, see Tom Henderson Wells, The Slave Ship Wanderer (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1967); also, Erik Calonius, The Wanderer: The Last American Slave Ship And The Conspiracy That Set Its Sails (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2006). See also Henry R. Jackson, The Wanderer case; the speech of Hon. Henry R. Jackson of Savannah, Ga., (Atlanta: E. Holland, 1891). The last documented shipment of enslaved Africans brought to the United States was disembarked at Mobile, Alabama in 1859 from aboard the schooner Clotilde, http://www.archives.gov/southeast/exhibit/popups.php?p=2.5.2, accessed September 12, 2008.
29.	Mills B. Lane, Neither More Nor Less Than Men: Slavery in Georgia: A Documentary History (Savannah: Beehive Press Library of Georgia, 1993).
30.	Johnson, Soul by Soul, 2, 117–134.
31.	Ibid, 164, 165, 179, 214.
32.	Ibid, 214.
33.	See Doesticks. Bell captures the emotions and frustrations of the enslaved in the chapter: "The Weeping Time." See also Berry, "'We'm Fus' Rate Bargain'", 64, for a discussion on the slaves' perspectives, and the social impact of this slave sale.
34.	For a synopsis of both sides of this controversy, see the Editors' Introduction pages by John A. Scott, in Frances A. Kemble, Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838–1839, ed. and introduction John A. Scott (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1961), l-lii.
35.	Mart A. Stewart, "What Nature Suffers to Groe": Life, Labor and Landscape on the Georgia Coast, 1780–1920 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996): 194. And see Charles S. Aiken, The Cotton Plantation South since the Civil War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998).
36.	See Michael Vlach, Back of the Big House; The Architecture of Plantation Slavery (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1993).
37.	John Beardsley, Art and Landscape in Charleston and the Low Country: A Project of Spoleto Festival USA, with contributions by Roberta Kefalos and Theodore Rosengarten; principal photography by Len Jenshel. (Washington, DC: Spacemaker Press, 1998), 30.
38.	Theresa Singleton has stated that by the 1880s, Butler Island was no longer inhabited. See her The Archaeology of Afro-American Slavery in Coastal Georgia: A Regional Perception of Slave Household and Community Patterns (PhD diss., University of Florida, 1980), 56.
39.	See Sam B. Hilliard, "The Tidewater Rice Plantation: An Ingenious Adaptation to Nature," in Coastal Resources, Geoscience and Man, 12, ed. H.J. Walker. (Baton Rouge: The School of Geoscience, Louisiana State University, 1975): 62. Pierce F. Lewis, "Axioms for Reading the Landscape" in The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes: Geographical Essays, 12. For a comprehensive work on reading the landscape, see Richard Muir, Approaches to Landscape (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1999) and The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes. See William G. Thomas III, "The Countryside Transformed."
40.	Lewis, "Axioms for Reading the Landscape," 12.

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