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Stormy Banks and Sweet Rivers:
A Sacred Harp Geography
James B. Wallace, Emory University


Essay Sections:

Many Harps:
Despite the value placed on continuity with "the old paths," the living Sacred Harp boasts local variety. Although the Denson revision of The Sacred Harp is by far the most popular, two other revisions maintain followings, especially where the shape-note tradition was somewhat late spreading. The Cooper book is used especially in western Florida and the lower regions of Alabama and Mississippi, as well as in parts of Texas. The White book is used in some singings in east Atlanta and northwest Georgia (Cobb 1989, 6-7).

Map of Cooper Book Usage
Map of White Book Usage

The Southern Harmony published in 1835 by William Walker is another four-shape book still in use (for an online edition, see: The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion). It has served as the songbook for only one long-standing annual singing held in Benton, Kentucky, but it has recently been picked up at some new singings. In 1866, Walker published a seven-shape songbook entitled Christian Harmony. This book included recent hymns and reflected the influence of gospel-style music. It remains the staple of numerous singings in North Carolina, Mississippi, and Alabama (see: The Christian Harmony Singings). Some Sacred Harp singers will include a song or two from the Christian Harmony at their own singings. Christian Harmony is one of several seven-shape books that remain in use.

Audio Recording:
"Angel Band" (1:00 min.)
RealMedia | Windows Media | QuickTime
"Angel Band" is an example from Christian Harmony, a songbook in the seven-shape or "new books" style performed by the Wootten Family.

There also exists an African American Sacred Harp tradition, primarily in northwestern Florida and southeast Alabama, as well as in northern Mississippi and eastern Texas (Cobb 1989, 6). Most Black Sacred Harp singers use the Cooper book; however, those in northern Mississippi prefer the Denson book (Cobb 1989, 7). (For an essay on Black Sacred Harp singing in Mississippi, see: Chiquita Walls's "Mississippi's African American Shape Note Tradition." On African American Sacred Harp singing in East Texas, see: Donald R. Ross's "Black Sacred Harp Singing in East Texas.") Black Sacred Harp singers of the “Wiregrass” region of southeast Alabama supplement the Cooper book with The Colored Sacred Harp, a short tune-book that contains music written by African American composers. (source: "Tunebooks, Music and Hymnals"; "Judge Jackson and the Colored Sacred Harp"; also Willett 50-55. All songs are by Black composers with the single exception of “Eternal Truth Thy Word” by Bascom F. Faust, a white banker who put up one thousand dollars to help subsidize the publication of the book; Willett 53.)
Frontispiece of The Colored Sacred Harp, 1934.
Image courtesy of Emory University Pitts Theology Library.

Map of Wiregrass Region of Alabama
Areas of Black Sacred Harp Activity

African American Sacred Harp Audio Recordings:

"Pisgah" (4:36 min.)
RealMedia

"Pisgah" is a traditional song sung from the B.F. White Sacred Harp (Revised Cooper Edition, p. 58). Recorded by Stephen McCallum at an Alabama and Florida Union Singing Convention at Greater Old Salem Baptist Church in Dale County, Alabama, September 26, 1980.

"Wiregrass Sacred Harp Singers" (10:27 min.)
RealMedia
This program in the Folkways Radio Series features musical performances along with discussion by singing masters Japheth Jackson and Dewey Williams, and Williams's daughter, Bernice Harvey.

"Pisgah" and "Wiregrass Sacred Harp Singers" program from the Folkways radio series courtesy of Alabama Center for Traditional Culture.

Image of Wiregrass Singers from Alabama Center for Traditional Culture.

Essay Sections:

Published: 4 June 2007

© 2007 James B. Wallace and Southern Spaces